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Stealth and pseudo-stealth nanocarriers
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DOI：10.1016/j.addr.2023.114895.png)
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Abstract
En 中文
The stealth effect plays a central role on capacitating nanomaterials for drug delivery applications through improving the pharmacokinetics such as blood circulation, biodistribution, and tissue targeting. Here based on a practical analysis of stealth efficiency and a theoretical discussion of relevant factors, we provide an integrated material and biological perspective in terms of engineering stealth nanomaterials. The analysis surprisingly shows that more than 85% of the reported stealth nanomaterials encounter a rapid drop of blood concentration to half of the administered dose within 1 h post administration although a relatively long b-phase is observed. A term, pseudo-stealth effect, is used to delineate this common pharmacokinetics behavior of nanomaterials, that is, dose-dependent nonlinear pharmacokinet-ics because of saturating or depressing bio-clearance of reticuloendothelial system (RES). We further pro-pose structural holism can be a watershed to improve the stealth effect; that is, the whole surface structure and geometry play important roles, rather than solely relying on a single factor such as maxi-mizing repulsion force through polymer-based steric stabilization (e.g., PEGylation) or inhibiting immune attack through a bio-inspired component. Consequently, engineering delicate structural hierarchies to minimize attractive binding sites, that is, minimal charges/dipole and hydrophobic domain, becomes cru-cial. In parallel, the pragmatic implementation of the pseudo-stealth effect and dynamic modulation of the stealth effect are discussed for future development.& COPY; 2023 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Keywords:
Stealth effect
Pseudo -stealth effect
Drug delivery
Nanomedicine
Blood circulation
Pharmacokinetics
RES blockade
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