Stochastic dual-layer energy management for smart buildings: Integrating forecasting, MILP optimization, and rolling-horizon control under uncertainty

2026-08-01

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Ahmed Osman Ibrahim

Nedhal Al-Tamimi *

Mohammed J. Alshayeb

Abdultawab M. Qahtan

Faizah Mohammed Bashir

Yakubu Aminu Dodo *

DOI：10.1016/j.energy.2026.142131

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• Dual-layer EMS integrates forecasting, MILP, and rolling-horizon control. • Energy cost is reduced by 53.7% against the grid-only baseline. • Peak grid demand is reduced by 38.3% through coordinated scheduling. • Forecast uncertainty causes less than 5% operational performance loss. • Stochastic EMS outperforms a deterministic mean-forecast MILP benchmark.

Stochastic dual-layer energy management for smart buildings: Integrating forecasting, MILP optimization, and rolling-horizon control under uncertainty

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