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Structural heterogeneity effect on the conduction in Mg2+substituted NaNbO3 for solid oxide fuel cells
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DOI：10.1016/j.ssi.2026.117185.png)
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Abstract
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A series of NaNb1_ xMgxO3_ delta (0 <= x <= 0.20) with a step size of 0.05 are synthesized via a solid-state reaction route. X-ray diffraction (XRD) of substituted NaNbO3 confirmed the formation of orthorhombic NaNbO3 phase with a minor MgO secondary phase. The volume fraction of secondary minor phase (MgO) is increased with the substitution of Mg2+ to higher concentrations. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and Raman spectroscopy analyses revealed progressive NbO6 octahedral distortion and bond elongation associated with oxygen vacancy formation in Mg2+ substituted samples. The coefficients of thermal expansion (CTE) of all the samples are slightly higher than the required range, i.e., 12-16 & times; 10_6 K_ 1 for solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs). The NNM-20 (x = 0.20) sample exhibits the highest conductivity of 1.64 & times; 10_4 S cm_ 1 at 600 degrees C, which is nearly two orders of magnitude higher than the NNM-0 sample. However, the NNM-15 sample offers the best balance of low activation energy (0.36 eV), higher density, lower thermal expansion, and comparable conductivity with the NNM20 sample. Based on activation energy and XPS results, the present samples are mixed conductors and could be appropriate materials for intermediate-temperature solid oxide fuel cells (IT-SOFCs).
Keywords:
Sodium niobate
Perovskite structure
Conductivity
Solid oxide fuel cell
Structural heterogeneity
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