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Sulfate resistance of 3D printed engineered cementitious composites (3DP-ECC): Deterioration mechanism and prediction models
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DOI：10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2026.106657.png)
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Abstract
En 中文
Engineered cementitious composites (ECC) with superior tensile properties are highly promising materials for 3D concrete printing (3DCP). Due to the inherent interlayer interfaces, 3DCP structures are more susceptible to durability issues, while the understanding of which is still lacking. This study systematically investigates the durability performance of 3D printed ECC (3DP-ECC) exposed to dry-wet cycling sulfate attack. The appearance damage, mass change, compressive strength, and interfacial bond strength of 3DP-ECC during 160 cycles of erosion were evaluated and discussed. The deterioration mechanism of 3DP-ECC was explored by analyzing the microstructure, phase composition and pore structure characteristics. Results suggest that the 3DP-ECC specimens met the requirements of sulfate resistance but had inferior resistance compared to the mold-cast ones, primarily owing to the interfacial defects. Microscopic analysis revealed that the sulfate chemical erosion in 3DP-ECC mainly produced gypsum, accompanied by the physical erosion of sodium sulfate crystals. The unique ellipsoidal pores were identified as key factors in the degradation of sulfate resistance and macroscale anisotropy in the 3DP-ECC specimens. Additionally, a prediction model of compressive strength of 3DP-ECC based on pore structure damage evolution was proposed, and a service life prediction model of 3DP-ECC under sulfate attack was also developed, showing favourable accuracy and reliability. This research provides valuable insights and theoretical references for the application of 3DP-ECC in salt lake or saline-alkaline land areas.
Keywords:
3D printed ECC
sulfate resistance
deterioration mechanism
pore structure
prediction model
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