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Super-strong and flame retardant polyurea nanocomposites for flexible strain sensing enabled by hierarchical hydrogen bonding and MXene-based covalent interfacial engineering
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DOI：10.1016/j.compositesb.2026.114073.png)
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Abstract
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In this work, a synergistic strategy is proposed to construct polyurea (PUA) nanocomposites with high strength, toughness, and good fire safety by integrating hierarchical hydrogen bonding with MXene-based covalent interfacial engineering. The hierarchical hydrogen bonding system facilitates multilevel energy dissipation and regulates chain orientation during stretching, further promoting strain-induced crystallization for reinforcement. The phosphorus and amino-containing MXene nanosheets are covalently linked with PUA, simultaneously enhancing flame retardancy and enabling efficient stress transfer. The optimized PUA nanocomposite achieves a tensile strength of 49.7 MPa and a toughness of 253.6 MJ/m3, representing increases of 464.8% and 786.7%, respectively. Remarkably, it retains 78.6% of its tensile strength after 50 loading-unloading cycles at 200% strain, demonstrating excellent cyclic mechanical stability. In addition, the peak heat release rate and peak smoke production rate during combustion are reduced by 57.5% and 51.1%, respectively. A flexible strain sensor based on this nanocomposite outputs stable signals over 1000 cycles and can be used to monitor human body motions. This work provides an effective strategy for designing high-performance nanocomposites via synergistic nanofiller reinforcement and dynamic hydrogen bonding system.
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