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Synergistic Effects of Biochar and Nitrogen Fertilizer on Soil Humification and Japonica Grain Yield in Black Soil Paddy Systems of Northeast China
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DOI：10.1007/s42729-026-03487-z.png)
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Abstract
En 中文
Purpose. This study aimed to clarify the interactive effects of biochar (Bc) and nitrogen (N) fertilizer gradients on soil humification, humus (HS) composition, humic acid (HA) structural traits, and grain yield of high-quality japonica rice in black soil paddy fields of central Jilin Province, Northeast China. The findings provided a theoretical basis for sustainable nutrient management and efficient rice production systems. Methods. A two-year field experiment was conducted with a two-factor completely randomized block design, consisting of three Bc application rates (0, 7.5, and 15 Mg ha− 1) and four N fertilizer levels (0, 80, 160, and 220 kg ha− 1). Soil chemical properties, HS composition, HA molecular structure, and grain yield were measured, and data were analyzed via two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and principal component analysis (PCA). Results. Co-application of Bc and N significantly improved soil pH, soil organic matter (SOM), alkali-hydrolyzable N, and available phosphorus, and potassium contents. The highest grain yield (7.91 Mg ha− 1) was recorded under the MN–Bc15 treatment (160 kg ha− 1 N + 15 Mg ha− 1 Bc). Bc was the dominant factor elevating the CHA/CFA ratio, reducing HA ∆logK, H/C, and O/C ratios, and enhancing HA aromaticity and soil humification, which could be attributed to Bc-induced aromatic carbon input and physical protection of humic precursors via its porous structure. PCA component analysis indicated that the MN–Bc15 treatment achieved the highest comprehensive score. Conclusions. Moderate N fertilization combined with high-rate Bc synergistically improved soil fertility, humification degree, and grain yield. This combined regime showed promise as a viable nutrient management strategy for high-quality japonica rice cultivation in this region, while further multi-site and long-term field trials were warranted to confirm its generalizability across broader agroecological contexts.
Keywords:
Rice
Biochar
Nitrogen fertilizer
Humus composition
Humic acid
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