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Synergistic HCl–CaCl₂ Surface Activation Promotes Apatite-like Ca-P Formation on Boromuscovite/Boromullite Glass-ceramics
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DOI：10.1016/j.mtla.2026.102824.png)
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Abstract
En 中文
K₂O–Al₂O₃–SiO₂–B₂O₃ glass-ceramics, despite their favorable structural characteristics, typically exhibit limited intrinsic bioactivity as a stabilize effect of the aluminosilicate network structure. In this study, a synergistic HCl–CaCl₂ surface-activation strategy is proposed to overcome this limitation and promote apatite-like Ca-P formation. The glass-ceramics, consisting of boromuscovite and boromullite phases within a borosilicate-aluminosilicate network, were systematically surface modified using one-step and sequential chemical treatments. While one-step treatments failed to promote significant apatite-like Ca-P deposition even after prolonged immersion in simulated body fluid (SBF), the combined HCl–CaCl₂ treatment enabled the formation of an apatite-like Ca-P layer. SEM–EDS, XRD, FTIR, and XPS analyses revealed homogeneous Ca-P deposition together with progressive evolution toward calcium-deficient apatite-like compositions. The enhanced apatite-like Ca-P formation behavior may be associated with the synergistic interplay between surface hydroxylation (Si–OH formation) and calcium enrichment, which may facilitate heterogeneous apatite-like Ca-P nucleation during SBF immersion. Furthermore, MTT results indicate favorable cytocompatibility at low to moderate extract concentrations under the investigated conditions. The observed cytocompatibility behavior may be associated with ionic dissolution processes commonly reported in bioactive glass systems, although ion release behavior was not directly evaluated in the present study. This work offers insight into the structure–surface–bioactivity relationship and suggests a simple yet effective strategy for activating bioinert glass-ceramics for bone-related applications.
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