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Synergistic UV shielding and acid durability of ultrasonically engineered SiO2/TiO2 core–shell nanoparticles for cosmetic protective applications
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DOI：10.1007/s10853-026-13516-y.png)
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Abstract
En 中文
The core–shell nanoparticle of SiO2/TiO2 has been systematically engineered to investigate the interplay between optical behaviour and acid resistance as a function of silica loading. Uniform core–shell structures with a TiO2 core (~ 100 nm) and thin SiO2 shell were successfully fabricated at silica concentrations ranging from 5 to 50%. The TEM images clearly demonstrate the variation in shell thickness as a function of SiO2 concentration. The elemental composition was clearly confirmed by the XPS spectra by the presence of Ti, Si, and O. Optical measurements showed that the reduced transmittance of the core–shell particles compared with bare TiO2 mainly originated from enhanced Mie scattering in the visible region. This behaviour is associated with the increased effective particle diameter and the multilayer dielectric structure of the SiO2/TiO2 core–shell particles. In contrast, deviation from scattering-dominated behaviour in the UV region was governed by intrinsic band-gap absorption of the TiO2 core. The acid resistance test using hydrochloric acid confirmed that the dependence of SiO2 content can suppress acid interaction with TiO2. The acid resistance was enhanced as the SiO2 ratio increased. The presence of SiO2 also suppressed the photocatalytic activity of TiO2. Optimal chemical stability was achieved at low silica loadings (5–10%), where a thin and dense SiO2 shell effectively suppressed proton diffusion and stabilized reactive TiO2 surface sites via interfacial Si–O-Ti bonding. Increasing the silica concentration to 25–50% did not further improve durability of the acid resistance. This result indicated that the produce core–shell particle has high potential as cosmetic formulation which requires high UV absorbance and acid resistance. TiO2@SiO2 core–shell particles were successfully synthesized via an ultrasonic-assisted sol–gel method with tunable shell thickness controlled by silica loading (5–50%). Optical analysis revealed that visible-light attenuation is predominantly governed by Mie scattering, while UV extinction is dominated by intrinsic TiO2 band-gap absorption. Acid resistance exhibited a non-monotonic dependence on silica content, with optimal performance achieved at low silica ratios (5–10%) due to the formation of a dense and conformal shell. The study demonstrates that structural integrity and interfacial engineering, rather than silica quantity alone, dictate the protective barrier performance of the core–shell system.
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