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Synthesis; characterisation and antibacterial activity of flavone-based Sn(IV) and Sb(III) complexes
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DOI：10.1039/D6RA04588J.png)
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Abstract
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Three 3-hydroxyflavone ligands (L1–L3) and their corresponding Sn(IV) and Sb(III) complexes (1–6) of general formula [Sn(L)3]Cl (1–3) and [Sb(L)2Cl] (4–6); where L is the monoanionic form of 3-hydroxy flavone (L1 in 1 and 4); naphthyl flavone (L2 in 2 and 5) or anthracenyl flavone (L3 in 3 and 6); are synthesized and characterised using UV-visible; fluorescence; IR; NMR and high-resolution mass spectral studies. The compounds were evaluated against Staphylococcus aureus (MTCC 96); Escherichia coli (MTCC 111); Pseudomonas aeruginosa (MTCC 1688) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (MTCC 432). In general; coordination of the flavone ligands to Sn(IV) and Sb(III) enhanced antibacterial activity relative to the parent ligands and the corresponding metal salts. Among the series; the Sb(III) complexes were the most active; with complex 6 showing the highest potency; particularly against S. aureus; for which the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was 2.9 µg mL−1; comparable to ciprofloxacin under the tested conditions. The expanded MIC dataset also indicated a clear organism-dependent susceptibility pattern; with S. aureus being more susceptible than the tested Gram-negative bacteria. Checkerboard analysis further revealed synergistic interactions between the Sb(III) complexes and ciprofloxacin against S. aureus. Mechanistic studies; including scanning electron microscopy; membrane permeability analysis and propidium iodide staining; indicated that the antibacterial action of complex 6 involves disruption and permeabilization of the bacterial membrane. In addition; the cytotoxic effects of the two most active complexes; 5 and 6; were assessed in human dermal fibroblast (HDF) cells by MTT assay. Both complexes maintained high HDF viability at their respective MICs against S. aureus; indicating that their anti-staphylococcal activity was achieved at concentrations that did not cause marked cytotoxicity under the tested conditions. These findings identify Sb(III)-bound flavonoid complexes as promising scaffolds for further antibacterial investigation.
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