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Tailoring Surface Chemistry of Manilkara zapota Seed Derived Activated Carbon for the Fabrication of Energetic Zinc-Ion Hybrid Supercapacitor

delete2026-03-01
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AI
A
Ashok Kumar Pilli
K
Kandregula, Ganapathi Rao
R
Ramavath Janraj Naik
Y
Y. Subbareddy
S
Sudip Mandal *
DOI:10.1007/s11581-026-07051-8delete
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Abstract

Abstract

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Integrating a battery-type electrode with a capacitive-type electrode in a hybrid configuration has become an attractive strategy to improve the device's overall energy density without compromising power density. The hybrid supercapacitor (HSC) based on metal ions, such as Li+, Na+, and K+, demands an anhydrous environment for its fabrication. Moreover, the use of non-aqueous electrolytes for their operation can significantly increase fabrication costs and safety risks. To overcome these key issues, an eco-friendly HSC is fabricated using a multivalent Zn with a high specific capacity and a low redox potential (- 0.76 V vs. SHE) as the anode in an aqueous medium. The N-doped porous activated carbon (N-ACMZ-700) derived from the seeds of Manilkara zapota, a natural biomass, and pyrolyzed at 700 degrees C, is used as a cathode material. The reversible ion adsorption/desorption at the N-ACMZ-700 cathode and Zn2+ stripping/plating at the Zn-anode enable the Zn//N-ACMZ-700 hybrid capacitor to deliver a high specific capacitance of 356 F g(- 1) at 0.1 A g(- 1). Benefiting from the synergistic merits of excellent structural features of N-ACMZ-700 cathode material and metallic Zn-anode, resulting Zn//N-ACMZ-700 HSC shows an excellent energy storage performance, including high energy density of 178 Wh kg(- 1) @ 0.1 A g(- 1), a maximum power density of 9.44 kW kg(- 1), and outstanding cycling stability up to 10,000 galvanostatic charge/discharge cycles with similar to 90% of initial capacity retention. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy results demonstrate that the N-ACMZ-700-based Zinc-HSC exhibits low internal resistance, rapid charge-transfer kinetics, and efficient ion diffusion pathways, which collectively contribute to its high-power capability and stable electrochemical performance.
Keywords:
Activated Carbon
Aqueous Supercapacitors
Manilkara Zapota
Hybrid Supercapacitor
Zn-ion Supercapacitor

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university of delhi
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