Flame retardancy and flame retarding mechanism of high performance hyperbranched polysiloxane modified bismaleimide/cyanate ester resin

Dongxian Zhuo

doi:10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2011.01.006

Tailoring the stability of a two-color, two-photon rubidium frequency standard

2025-04-09

0

PRE

AI

E

E. Ahern

S

Sarah K. Scholten *

C

Clayton R. Locke

S

Sarah K. Scholten

B

Benjamin W. White

A

André N. Luiten

C

Christopher Perrella

DOI：10.1103/PhysRevApplied.23.044025

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Rubidium two-photon frequency standards are emerging as powerful contenders for compact, durable devices with exceptional stability. To date, the field has focused on single-color excitation; here, we demonstrate the key advantages of a two-color excitation of a two-photon optical frequency standard based on the 5S1/2 -> 5D5/2 transition of rubidium-87 using driving fields at 780 and 776 nm. Using the 5P3/2 intermediate state to resonantly enhance the transition, we show that frequency stabilities comparable to rubidium single-color two-photon frequency standards can be attained, notably with approximately tenfold lower optical power and tenfold lower rubidium vapor density. Optimization of the detuning from the 5P3/2 intermediate state and of the optical powers of the driving lasers has a dramatic effect on the frequency stability, achieving the best short-term stability of any two-photon rubidium frequency standard to date: 6 x 10-14 at r = 1 s. We demonstrate that this level of performance is compatible with a compact geometry by fully self-referencing the frequency standard using an integrated fiber frequency comb to simultaneously stabilize the 780-nm laser's detuning from the 5P3/2 intermediate state, producing a frequency-stable microwave output. A comprehensive noise characterization underpins our observations of this two-color frequency standard, explaining the measured stability and showing that this frequency standard is initially shot-noise limited before becoming limited by light shifts in the long term. This work represents a major advance toward a low size, weight, and power frequency standard based on two-color excitation.

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Tailoring the stability of a two-color, two-photon rubidium frequency standard

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