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Techniques and Instruments for Fluorescence Excitation-Emission Matrix Spectroscopy
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DOI：10.1016/j.trac.2026.119025.png)
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Abstract
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• The first comprehensive, critical, and accessible review of the currently available instruments and techniques of excitation-emission matrix spectroscopy, • Fluorescence EEM is a commonly used technique in several fields including environmental science, food- and agro-chemistry and biomedical sciences. • Our review provides an overview of excitation-emission matrix spectrometers with and emphasis on compact instruments and recent developments. • We discuss instrument design principles which provide perspectives for future developments of multi-dimensional fluorescence instruments and techniques. • EEM spectroscopy has evolved to a standard technique in environmental-, food-, and agro-sciences, while fluorescence multispectral imaging is a prevalent method in the field of microbiology and medical diagnosis. We now observe a confluence of these techniques. Fluorescence imaging has been combined with excitation-emission matrix spectroscopy to gain higher selectivity, spatial, and temporal resolution. • These developments are accelerated and supported by co-developments in machine learning and data analysis. • The review is focused on the development of the instrumentation, and not one the many different applications of Fluorescence EEM
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