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TEM analysis of dicarboxylic acid-induced transition from unilamellar to multilamellar MEL-A vesicles
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DOI：10.1039/D6NH00084C.png)
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Abstract
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The internal structure of vesicles formed solely by mannosylerythritol lipid-A (MEL-A); a glycolipid produced by basidiomycetous yeasts of the genus Pseudozyma; was visualized by liquid cell and cryogenic transmission electron microscopy. Moreover; it was shown for the first time that their morphology can be controlled by dicarboxylic acids acting as molecular signals; combined with the pH of the solution. MEL-A formed nano-sized unilamellar vesicles (200 nm diameter; 5 nm bilayer thickness) at pH 7 and pH 4 without dicarboxylic acids. Upon addition of dicarboxylic acids at pH 7; divalent dicarboxylate anions engage with the hydroxyl groups of the erythritol moiety in MEL-A; driving the growth of unilamellar vesicles with diameters of 250–300 nm. At pH 4; the addition of dicarboxylic acids (oxalic; maleic; fumaric or malonic acids); which exist predominantly as monoanions; induced the expansion to micro-sized vesicles (0.8–2.1 µm in diameter) and the transition into a multilamellar structure consisting of up to 18 layers. For oxalic acid; the vesicular membrane exhibited a thickness of 80 nm and consisted of 16 layers; of which both the outermost and the innermost layer thickness was 5 nm. Vesicle multilayering in MEL-A assemblies is driven by cooperative dissociated/undissociated carboxyl interactions in dicarboxylate monoanions.
Keywords:
MEL-A vesicles
dicarboxylic acids
vesicle morphology
multilamellar structure
transmission electron microscopy
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