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Temperature-Optimized Keratin from Duck Feathers as a Renewable Substitute for Industrial Synthetic Wood Adhesives
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DOI：10.1016/j.mtcomm.2026.115587.png)
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Abstract
En 中文
The development of bio-based adhesives that complement crop-derived materials is essential for advancing circular bioeconomy value chains. This work presents a temperature-optimized process for extracting keratin from duck feathers—an abundant, underutilized biowaste—and its application as a renewable adhesive for wood. Keratin was obtained via ultrasound-assisted alkaline hydrolysis (25–85 °C) followed by acidic precipitation. Structural, thermal, and mechanical analyses revealed that processing temperature is the main factor influencing disulfide bridge regeneration, a key feature in adhesive performance. Unlike synthetic systems that rely on artificial aromatic disulfide bonds, this study demonstrates intrinsic control of disulfide re-networking in natural keratin, offering a green and dynamic alternative for high-performance adhesives. The optimal results were achieved at a hydrolysis temperature of 75 °C (KA75), yielding the highest tensile shear strength (10.16 MPa), surpassing the minimum requirement for indoor wood bonding and approaching the performance of polyvinyl acetate (PVAc) adhesives under lap shear test conditions. Raman spectroscopy confirmed the correlation between disulfide bond regeneration and adhesive strength. At the same time, thermal analysis revealed stability up to ~200 °C, and enhanced flame-retardant properties, enabling hot-press processing, debonding on demand, and recycling—features aligned with the principles of the circular bioeconomy. Overall, this study demonstrates that controlled hydrolysis can induce intrinsic disulfide re-networking in natural keratin, creating a dynamic covalent adhesive system without toxic additives. The combination of high performance, renewable sourcing, and recyclability positions temperature-optimized feather keratin adhesives as a viable alternative to synthetic wood adhesives. This approach demonstrates how agricultural residues from animal processing can be integrated into industrial-crop value chains, expanding the portfolio of sustainable bio-based adhesives for wood applications.
Keywords:
feather keratin
bio-based adhesives
wood composites
ultrasound-assisted hydrolysis
disulfide bridges
recyclable materials
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