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Terrabacteria: redefining bacterial envelope diversity, biogenesis and evolution
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DOI：10.1038/s41579-024-01088-0.png)
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Abstract
En 中文
The bacterial envelope is one of the oldest and most essential cellular components and has been traditionally divided into Gram-positive (monoderm) and Gram-negative (diderm). Recent landmark studies have challenged a major paradigm in microbiology by inferring that the last bacterial common ancestor had a diderm envelope and that the outer membrane (OM) was lost repeatedly in evolution to give rise to monoderms. Intriguingly, OM losses appear to have occurred exclusively in the Terrabacteria, one of the two major clades of bacteria. In this Review, we present current knowledge about the Terrabacteria. We describe their diversity and phylogeny and then highlight the vast phenotypic diversity of the Terrabacteria cell envelopes, which display large deviations from the textbook examples of diderms and monoderms, challenging the classical Gram-positive-Gram-negative divide. We highlight the striking differences in the systems involved in OM biogenesis in Terrabacteria with respect to the classical diderm experimental models and how they provide novel insights into the diversity and biogenesis of the bacterial cell envelope. We also discuss the potential evolutionary steps that might have led to the multiple losses of the OM and speculate on how the very first OM might have emerged before the last bacterial common ancestor. In this Review, Gribaldo and co-workers explore the diversity and evolution of Terrabacteria and highlight their unique cell envelopes that deviate from Gram-positive and Gram-negative classifications, challenging traditional views on the bacterial cell envelope. They also discuss the variations in outer membrane biogenesis and speculate on the evolutionary origin of the outer membrane before the last bacterial common ancestor and how it was repeatedly lost.
Keywords:
S-LAYER PROTEINS
OUTER-MEMBRANE
CELL-WALL
SP-NOV
GEN. NOV.
THERMOPHILIC BACTERIUM
LIPID TRANSPORT
INNER MEMBRANE
FAM. NOV.
ORD. NOV
Journal
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