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The basics of microwaves as an all-electric energy source for industrial processing
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DOI：10.1016/j.jechem.2026.04.061.png)
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Abstract
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This paper aims to clarify the role of microwave heating (MWH) and microwave plasma (MWP) technologies in high–efficiency processing and defines the knowledge base required to scale fully electrified microwave–assisted reactors. The overall energy efficiency of MWH and MWP is shown to depend on both the conversion of grid electricity into microwave power and the efficiency of microwave power transfer into the processed material - two coupled factors that govern operating costs and industrial viability. Advances in magnetron and solid–state generators, together with Industry 4.0 monitoring, adaptive control, and precision power delivery, enable flexible, renewable–integrated microwave systems aligned with European decarbonisation and digital–manufacturing targets. At the same time, successful industrial deployment, also requires progress in techno–economic assessment, user training, and decision–support tools. End–users and R&D teams must be equipped to evaluate the technical, economic, and safety feasibility of microwave technologies for specific applications. Strengthening this technical understanding is essential for accelerating the adoption of advanced microwave processing in next–generation electrified reactors.
Keywords:
microwave heating
microwave plasma
energy efficiency
electrified reactors
industrial processing
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14.9
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4.5W
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