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The clinical and epidemiological landscape of Mycobacterium riyadhense: a systematic review of the literature
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DOI：10.3389/fcimb.2026.1761754.png)
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Abstract
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BackgroundMycobacterium riyadhense is an emerging nontuberculous mycobacterium associated with infections in immunocompetent and immunocompromised patients.MethodsTo identify the epidemiology; risk factors; presentations; and antimicrobial susceptibility of M. riyadhense; we conducted a systematic review on PubMed; Web of Science; and Google Scholar adhering to PRISMA guidelines. We included publications during 2009-2025; with no limitation on language or study design. Cases of uncertain infection or identification were excluded. Review protocol was pre-registere in PROSPERO with protocol number; CRD420250653025.ResultsWe identified 22 studies reporting on 69 cases of M. riyadhense. Patient median age was 35.5 and 80% were male. Common presentations included pneumonia (n=52); lymphadenitis (n=13); osteomyelitis (n=8); or disseminated infection (n=8). Susceptibility to Rifampin and Ethambutol was observed in all tested isolates. Resistance to Isoniazid was detected in 5/8 isolates.ConclusionThis review identified a significant variability in the diagnosis and treatment of M. riyadhense. This underscores the urgent need for standardized diagnostic protocols and targeted treatment strategies to effectively manage infections.Systematic review registrationhttps://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/; identifier CRD420250653025.
Keywords:
systematic review
treatment
risk factors
outcome
antimicrobial sensitivity tests
clinical presentations
Mycobacterium riyadhense
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