The evolution of aerosol types and direct radiative forcing in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei, China: A long-term analysis with a modified Gaussian mixture model

2026-05-08

PRE

Jing Wang *

Weijia Liu

Yongxiang Han *

Zhanpeng Yu

Zefeng Zhang

DOI：10.1016/j.atmosres.2026.109072

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Abstract

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• A 21-year aerosol climatology reveals declining industrial types but rising natural and biomass-burning types in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei. • Aerosol radiative forcing peaks often mismatch their occurrence frequency, signaling complex underlying drivers. • Radiative forcing declined most sharply in black carbon-rich types, identifying BC reduction as the key warming mitigator. • The shifting ratio of black carbon to sulfate/nitrate primarily governed the long-term aerosol evolution.

Keywords:

aerosol types

radiative forcing

black carbon

sulfate

nitrate

The evolution of aerosol types and direct radiative forcing in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei, China: A long-term analysis with a modified Gaussian mixture model

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