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The Human Retina in Alzheimer’s Disease: Pathology, Mechanisms, and Biomarkers
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DOI：10.1016/j.arr.2026.103275.png)
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Abstract
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• Visual dysfunction affects 20% to 40% of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) patients, supporting the retina as a clinically relevant site for studying neurodegenerative changes. • Human AD retinas frequently show convergent evidence of inner retinal degeneration with retinal nerve fiber layer/ganglion cell layer (RNFL/GCL) thinning and synaptic vulnerability. • Retinal amyloid-β (Aβ) deposition, tau pathology, complement system activation, and glial reactivity reflect key neuroimmune mechanisms observed in the AD brain. • Melanopsin retinal ganglion cell (RGC) degeneration may contribute to circadian disruption and sleep impairment in AD. • Multimodal retinal biomarkers may support AD risk stratification.
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