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The temporal evolution of resistance strategies during low-carbon transitions: Revealing the industry playbook of US, German, and Japanese automakers in the unfolding electric vehicle transition (1990–2025)
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DOI：10.1016/j.erss.2025.104492.png)
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Abstract
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• Building on extant research, paper analyses evolution of resistance strategies over time • Proposes ideal-type framework that plots resistance strategies across five phases of low-carbon reorientation • Framework tested with longitudinal analyses of resistance strategies of incumbent automakers in US, Germany, and Japan • Find that automakers resist in all periods, including in most recent period when they diversify towards EVs • Focus of resistance changed over time from contesting direction of change to speed of change
Keywords:
Resistance to change
Incumbent firms
Low-carbon transitions
Strategic reorientation
Car industry
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