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Theoretical Vulnerabilities in Quantum Integrity Verification Under Bell-Hidden Variable Convergence
DOI:10.3390/jcp6010015.png)
Abstract
En 中文
This paper identifies theoretical vulnerabilities in quantum integrity verification by demonstrating that Bell inequality (BI) violations, central to the detection of quantum entanglement, can align with predictions from hidden variable theories (HVTs) under specific measurement configurations. By invoking a Heisenberg-inspired measurement resolution constraint and finite-resolution positive operator-valued measures (POVMs), we identify convergence vicinities where the statistical outputs of quantum and classical models become operationally indistinguishable. These results do not challenge Bell's theorem itself; rather, they expose a vulnerability in quantum integrity frameworks that treat observed Bell violations as definitive, experiment-level evidence of nonclassical entanglement correlations. We support our theoretical analysis with simulations and experimental results from IBM quantum hardware. Our findings call for more robust quantum-verification frameworks, with direct implications for the security of quantum computing, quantum-network architectures, and device-independent cryptographic protocols (e.g., device-independent quantum key distribution (DIQKD)).
Keywords:
Bell inequalities
hidden variable theories
Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle
quantum cryptography
quantum integrity
device-independent QKD
quantum foundations
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