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Theranostic potential of ramucirumab functionalized magnetoliposomes for targeted delivery of sorafenib and MRI
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DOI：10.1016/j.xphs.2026.104402.png)
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Abstract
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Development of theranostic nanoplatforms capable of the controlled and targeted delivery of anticancer agents and simultaneous bioimaging has attracted great attention as an exciting and frontier research field. Here, the sorafenib loaded magnetoliposomes (S-MLPs) were synthesized and targeted individually, with a specific aptamer (AS-MLPs) and the ramucirumab antibody (RS-MLPs) against the vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2). The physicochemical characterization revealed the synthesis of high colloidal and monodisperse S-MLPs with an average hydrodynamic size of 147 nm and a zeta potential value of -26.4 mV. The in vitro release study showed a linear release profile for sorafenib with 66.47% cumulative release during 96 h. The anticancer activity of S-MLPs was studied in vitro using the MTT assay, flow cytometry study of apoptosis and necrosis, and the gene expression analysis using real-time PCR and ELISA. The theranostic potential of S-MLPs was also confirmed by the MRI and CAM assay, in vivo. The results demonstrated the lowest cell viabilities of 69.54 and 54.19% after exposure of HepG2 cells to 100 μg mL−1 of AS-MLPs and RS-MLPs, respectively. Moreover, treatment of HepG2 cells with S-MLPs led to a 12.99-fold increase in the activity of apoptotic proteins and decreased production of angiogenic proteins from 331.57 to 83.34 pg mL−1. The R2 relaxation value of 57.262 mM−1 s−1 obtained for the MLPs, indicating their high potential for clinical cancer management.
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