Retraction notice to “Towards tailored exosomes: The exosomal tetraspanin web contributes to target cell selection” [Intern. J. Biochem. Cell Biol., 44/9 (2012) 1574–1584]

Sanyukta Rana

doi:10.1016/j.biocel.2025.106824

Therapeutic potential of TIM-3 inhibition in cancer, viral infections, and autoimmune disorders

2025-07-01

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Ashira Manzoor

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Khaled Barakat *

DOI：10.1016/j.biocel.2025.106826

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TIM-3 (T cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain protein-3) is a potent checkpoint receptor that functions as a negative regulator of the immune response. Numerous immune cells, including monocytes, TH17 (T helper 17) cells, mast cells, myeloid cells, and Treg (regulatory T) cells, express TIM-3. It consists of four ligands: HMGB1 (High Mobility Group Protein B1), PtdSer (Phosphatidylserine), Galectin-9, and CEACAM-1 (Carcinoembryonic Antigen Cell Adhesion Molecule 1). Research has shown TIM-3's role in cancers, chronic viral infections, and autoimmune disorders. Inhibiting TIM-3, therefore, is a therapeutic approach in the current immunotherapy, particularly when combined with other immune checkpoint inhibitors. The review summarizes its function in different disorders and its potential signaling mechanisms.

Keywords:

TIM-3

immune checkpoint

cancer immunotherapy

chronic viral infections

autoimmune disorders

Therapeutic potential of TIM-3 inhibition in cancer, viral infections, and autoimmune disorders

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