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Thermal Conductivity and Dynamic Viscosity of Water-Based Al2O3 and Polyurethane-Nanoencapsulated n-Nonadecane Nanofluids: A Comparative Experimental Study of Mono and Hybrid Formulations
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DOI：10.3390/nano16120746.png)
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Abstract
En 中文
Hybrid nanofluids combining thermally conductive nanoparticles with latent heat-storing nanocapsules have attracted growing interest for near-ambient liquid-based thermal management, yet direct comparisons between mono and hybrid phase-change-material-containing systems on a common experimental basis remain scarce. In this work, water-based mono Al2O3, mono polyurethane-nanoencapsulated n-nonadecane (PU-NEPCM), and Al2O3/PU-NEPCM hybrid nanofluids were prepared under identical surfactant, sonication, and dispersion conditions, and their thermal conductivity, dynamic viscosity, and Day-1 colloidal stability were characterized over 298–313 K at total volume fractions of 0.1, 0.3, and 0.5 vol.%, with the hybrids prepared at a 50:50 volumetric ratio. At 0.5 vol.% and 313 K, the hybrid (NFH3) exhibited the highest thermal conductivity enhancement (+8.27%), exceeding the corresponding mono Al2O3 and mono PU-NEPCM nanofluids by 4.6 and 5.2 percentage points, respectively, while maintaining a moderate viscosity penalty. The hybrid formulations also achieved |ζ| = 32–37 mV, exceeding the conventional electrostatic-stabilization threshold and outperforming both mono families. A two-factor analysis of variance (ANOVA) identified particle concentration as the dominant factor governing both properties (p < 0.001), with temperature becoming statistically significant only for the hybrid viscosity (p = 0.043). The synergy index varied between 0.85 and 1.43 across the tested conditions—reaching values of 1.20–1.43 for the lowest-loaded hybrid (NFH1)—while the performance index remained close to unity (0.97–1.01). These results identify low-loaded Al2O3/PU-NEPCM hybrid nanofluids as a balanced and stable candidate for near-ambient liquid-based thermal management applications.
Keywords:
hybrid nanofluid
thermal conductivity
dynamic viscosity
nanoencapsulated phase change material
n-nonadecane
Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> nanofluid