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Thermal evaporation routes for perovskite photovoltaics, from fundamentals to integration
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DOI：10.1016/j.joule.2026.102593.png)
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Abstract
En 中文
Perovskite solar cells have advanced rapidly, but moving from small lab cells to reliable modules and tandem products still requires uniform films and stable interfaces over large, textured, and multilayer surfaces. This review examines thermal evaporation and related hybrid vapor-based routes as manufacturing options that complement, rather than replace, solution processing. By delivering materials as controlled vapors, these methods can build the light-absorbing perovskite, charge-collecting layers, and interface modifiers without solvents that may disturb layers already in place. This solvent-free control is especially valuable for large-area modules and perovskite/silicon tandems, where hidden interfaces, rough silicon textures, and precise layer thicknesses strongly affect performance. The main opportunity is solvent-free multilayer integration, conformal coating, and reproducible interface control. The main challenge is proving that these benefits can be delivered at manufacturing scale. Progress will require faster deposition, stable organic precursor delivery, better material utilization, longer source lifetimes, inline process monitoring, and standardized reporting of device area, throughput, and stability. These engineering and reporting advances will determine whether evaporation-based perovskite photovoltaics can move from high-efficiency demonstrations toward dependable solar modules.
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