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Third spaces for science: reimagining research beyond academia and industry
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DOI：10.1016/j.tins.2026.04.010.png)
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Abstract
En 中文
Science is a public good, yet the spaces where it is produced remain structurally constrained. Independent researchers, citizen scientists, and practitioners often lack access to institutional conditions needed for scientific work that is sustainable and publicly perceived as credible. We argue for third spaces—autonomous, collaborative ecosystems—as essential complements to academia and industry, promoting a distributed, transdisciplinary, and democratic knowledge ecology.
Keywords:
independent scholarship
research infrastructure
open science
citizen science
knowledge equity
transdisciplinary collaboration
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