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Thyroid dysfunction and cognitive function: a review
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DOI：10.3389/fendo.2026.1843431.png)
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Abstract
En 中文
Recently; the incidence of thyroid diseases has been on the rise. While standardized diagnosis and treatment generally yield excellent prognoses; the association between thyroid disorders and cognitive function remains a topic of significant interest. Cognitive function includes memory; language; visuospatial ability and executive function. Cognitive dysfunction refers to the impairment of one or more of the above; including mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and dementia. More and more studies have shown that thyroid disease is associated with cognitive dysfunction. Clinically; some patients present with noticeable symptoms such as memory loss and inattention; which severely impede their daily social functioning. There is a consensus on the view that thyroid hormone deficiency during the neonatal or embryonic period can cause disorders in the central nervous system; resulting in severe cognitive impairment such as persons with congenital hypothyroidism; but there is disagreement on the relationship between adult thyroid diseases; including clinical hyperthyroidism; hypothyroidism; subclinical hyperthyroidism; subclinical hypothyroidism and cognitive dysfunction. The inconsistencies in research conclusions are attributed to complex factors. Differences in age stratification constitute an important confounding factor for thyroid-related cognitive impairment; various neuropsychological assessment tools show obvious discrepancies in the sensitivity of detecting cognitive damage; which can directly affect the evaluation of research outcomes. Meanwhile; methodological heterogeneity among studies is also a key inducement for the inconsistent findings on the association between clinical thyroid dysfunction and cognitive function in adults. Therefore; this article mainly reviews the relationship and research progress between thyroid function and cognitive dysfunction in adults. From this review; we conclude that obvious thyroid dysfunction is obviously related to cognitive function; mainly focusing on attention and memory. Treatment would improve cognition to some extent; but wouldn’t fully restore it. The relationship between subclinical thyroid dysfunction and cognitive function is still of important significantly.
Keywords:
executive function
memory
cognitive impairment
cognitive dysfunction
thyroid function
thyroid hormone
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