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Time-domain BEM analysis of twin lined tunnels with imperfect interface in orthotropic half-space under SH-wave incidence
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DOI：10.1016/j.compgeo.2026.108528.png)
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Abstract
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This paper extends a previously developed time-domain boundary element method (BEM) by incorporating a substructure strategy that enables the seismic analysis of parallel lined tunnels with imperfect liner–ground interfaces in orthotropic half-spaces. The formulation integrates orthotropic half-space Green’s functions with convolution quadrature time integration, and the substructuring mechanism models the tunnel liners and surrounding soil as interacting subsystems coupled through linear elastic springs governed by a dimensionless imperfectability factor. The resulting computational scheme requires discretization only along the tunnel and lining boundaries, with the half-space treated analytically, and inherently satisfies radiation conditions without artificial absorbing layers. The method is rigorously validated against analytical and semi-analytical solutions for SH-wave excitation. A detailed parametric study is then conducted on twin horseshoe-shaped tunnels, examining the combined effects of soil orthotropy and interface imperfection under vertically propagating plane SH-waves. The results show that imperfect contact markedly increases ground surface and lining displacements, particularly at high dimensionless frequencies and within the inter-tunnel region due to constructive wave interference. Soil orthotropy further enriches high-frequency content and generates more complex directional response patterns. Equivalent single-degree-of-freedom analyses identify critical resonance periods in the range of 0.1–0.3 s. Overall, the study demonstrates the efficiency and accuracy of the extended time-domain BEM framework and highlights the importance of jointly considering interface imperfection and soil orthotropy in seismic analysis of lined tunnels.
Keywords:
Time domain BEM
Orthotropic half-space
Imperfect liner-ground interface
Twin horseshoe-shaped lined tunnel
SH-wave scattering
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