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Topological charge detection of turbulence-distorted vortex beam arrays based on SPGD-assisted K-means segmentation and optical coordinate transformation
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DOI：10.1007/s11082-026-09079-6.png)
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Abstract
En 中文
Detecting the orbital angular momentum (OAM) states of vortex beam arrays distorted by atmospheric turbulence is important for free-space optical communication and optical-field sensing. In this work, a system-level integrated numerical framework is proposed for topological-charge identification of turbulence-distorted vortex beam arrays. The framework combines stochastic parallel gradient descent (SPGD)-based phase recovery, K-means-based sub-beam segmentation, and optical coordinate transformation (OCT)-based OAM mode sorting into a unified workflow. Atmospheric turbulence is simulated using phase screens, and SPGD is used to reduce turbulence-induced phase aberrations before beam segmentation and mode sorting. K-means segmentation then automatically locates and separates the sub-beams, after which OCT is applied to each separated beam for OAM-state identification. The results show that the framework is applicable to the tested spatially distinguishable array layouts and topological-charge combinations. Under weak-to-moderate turbulence, the detected modes satisfy the reliable-detection criterion within the tested OAM range, whereas severe turbulence and strong beam overlap reduce the applicable range. These results provide a useful numerical reference for vortex beam-array detection in distorted free-space optical channels.
Keywords:
Vortex beam array
Orbital angular momentum
Atmospheric turbulence
Stochastic parallel gradient descent
K-means segmentation
Optical coordinate transformation
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