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Toward a relational typology: Mapping social entrepreneur-resident interactions in community-led tourism social entrepreneurship
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DOI：10.1016/j.tourman.2026.105480.png)
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Abstract
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Research on tourism social entrepreneurship has focused on exogenous models while overlooking host communities' agency. The aim of this study was to examine interactions between social entrepreneurs and residents in the context of community-led tourism social entrepreneurship. The exploratory qualitative study design involved three fieldwork phases. We used two dimensions—the initiator's primary motivation and the embeddedness forms in the responder's actions—to identify four relationship types: traditional bonding ties, instrumental ties, patron–client ties, and value-congruent alliances. The social action and embeddedness theories guided our examination of relational formation. Findings further reveal a model of power shift and relationship dynamics. This model suggests that a power shift involves three principal stages centered around dependence. In summary, we provide here a typological framework for analyzing social entrepreneur–resident interactions and offer practical insights into sustainable community development.
Keywords:
Community-led tourism social entrepreneurship
Social entrepreneur–resident relationships
Social action theory
Embeddedness theory
Power shift
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