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Toward Copyright Leakage Mitigation for Spherical Panoramic Images
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AI
DOI：10.1109/TMM.2025.3639974.png)
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Abstract
En 中文
Although several watermarking techniques have been proposed for spherical panoramic content, most have focused on simple leakage situations and have not addressed the various copyright leakage scenarios specific to spherical panoramic content. Such leakage scenarios are yet to be thoroughly analyzed in the literature. Diverse scenarios can occur in the case of spherical panoramic content depending on the rendering process and stage of image leakage. A distinct watermarking method is required for each scenario. In this study, six leakage scenarios for spherical panoramic content were identified, and the requirements for effective watermarking methods were examined. Without the original source information, existing watermarking techniques generally fail to protect copyrights. To this end, we propose two supplementary methods to enhance blind watermarking techniques. In the first method, a deep learning model designed for steganalysis was used to detect vertical viewpoints from perspective images without using the original source image. In the second method, a template was used to increase the robustness against spherical angle translation attacks. Using these two supplementary methods, we achieved comprehensive coverage across all scenarios that utilize existing watermarking techniques.
Keywords:
Image watermarking
spherical panoramic image
copyright protection
image forensics
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