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Towards Sustainable E-Waste Management in Emerging Economies: Policy and Technological Solutions for Circular Economy Transitions in India
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DOI：10.1016/j.envdev.2026.101516.png)
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Abstract
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E-waste is one of the fastest-growing waste streams globally, yet many emerging economies continue to rely on informal collection and recycling pathways that create environmental, occupational health, and traceability risks. India has progressively strengthened its e-waste governance framework, including the shift toward target-based Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) under the E-Waste (Management) Rules, 2022. However, informal-sector dominance, weak channelisation, limited Monitoring, Reporting, and Verification (MRV), and uneven technology readiness continue to constrain circular-economy outcomes. This paper addresses the limited integration of policy design, informal-sector realities, technology feasibility, and implementation infrastructure in existing assessments of India’s e-waste transition. It examines how India can move from formal EPR compliance toward implementation-ready circular-economy pathways. Using structured evidence synthesis, policy tracing from 2011 to 2022, comparative benchmarking against governance models in the European Union, China, and Japan, and feasibility-oriented assessment of technology and Eco-Park options, the study identifies key policy and implementation constraints. The findings show that the 2022 rules strengthen registration, digital compliance, and certificate-based EPR, but do not by themselves resolve collection gaps, informal-sector dependence, traceability weaknesses, or safe domestic processing constraints. The paper’s novelty lies in positioning Eco-Parks as implementation platforms linking EPR incentives, MRV systems, informal-worker integration, safeguards, and staged technology deployment for a more inclusive circular-economy transition.
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