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Transposable elements in plants: Silencing, activation and roles
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DOI：10.1016/j.cropd.2026.100132.png)
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Abstract
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Transposable elements (TEs) are mobile genetic elements that are widespread in nearly all eukaryotic genomes, often constituting a substantial portion of the DNA sequence. However, due to mutation accumulation and epigenetic control, the vast majority of TEs have either permanently lost their ability to transpose or remain dormant for extended periods, with only a small fraction retaining activity in contemporary genomes. Active TEs can introduce novel insertions into the genome, serving as a crucial source of genetic variation. They not only influence plant growth and development but also enhance the adaptability of plants to adverse environments. Moreover, TEs have valuable applications in various aspects of genetic research. Studies have demonstrated that external factors such as biotic stress, abiotic stress, tissue culture, and hybridization can activate their mobility. This paper summarizes current research progress on TE activity,with a focus on the regulatory mechanisms governing their mobilization, the diverse impacts of active TEs on plants, their utility in genetic research, and the primary methodologies used to investigate TE activity. By synthesizing these aspects, we aim to deepen the understanding of TE-host genome interactions, offer an integrated perspective on genome dynamics and evolution, and facilitate broader application of TEs in genetic research.
Keywords:
Transposable elements
Activity
Epigenetic silencing
Environmental stress
Detection methods
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