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Two As-Configured CFD Models (OpenFOAM and FLOW-3D) for Free-Surface Flow Through and Around Porous Coastal Structures
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DOI：10.3390/jmse14161483.png)
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Abstract
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Coastal defenses under tsunami-like long waves are judged not only by wave attenuation but by their own stability and the hazard left landward, so a porous structure is assessed through several responses at once. OpenFOAM (porousWaveFoam) and FLOW-3D HYDRO are the two models most widely used for such problems, representing the open-source and the commercial approach, and each has an extensive record for solitary waves and for porous structures separately. Which to adopt for a given response is not established, since the two have not been compared where both occur together. Five hydraulic benchmarks were, therefore, reproduced with both, taken as configured in practice, since the differing elements cannot be exchanged by the user. Agreement was decomposed into error components and into the scalars that enter a design check, and each difference was weighed against a combined uncertainty. Neither model is superior across the responses. Across 57 signals, the more accurate one changes with the metric in 81% of cases, and six of thirteen governing comparisons exceed the uncertainty. Some of the largest errors are shared, so changing the model does not remove them, and the cost ordering reverses with the problem size. Model selection should, therefore, follow the target design response, together with a statement of whether the difference exceeds the uncertainty. These findings hold within the configurations tested; extension to random waves remains for future work.
Keywords:
numerical wave flume
porous coastal structure
solitary wave
CFD validation
model comparison
grid convergence index
design-oriented error decomposition
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