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Ultra-strong and ductile 316L stainless steel via Nano-oxide mediated dual structural gradients
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DOI：10.1016/j.ijplas.2026.104777.png)
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Abstract
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• An oxide-mediated dual-gradient structure was fabricated using TM-ISF. • For the first time, the intrinsic Cr-passivation film of 316L stainless steel was exploited as an in-situ functional element for gradient structure engineering. • Pronounced strain hardening was observed in the nanograined layer, a rarity in other gradient materials. • Dense dislocation dipoles in the mid-layer effectively mitigate strain concentration across hard-soft transition regions. • The engineered dual-gradient structure delivers an excellent combination of ∼1 GPa ultimate tensile strength and >40% tensile ductility.
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