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Underwater jet-cavitation coupling: Experimental study on hydrodynamics and noise
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DOI：10.1016/j.dt.2026.07.033.png)
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Abstract
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A closed-water-tunnel experimental system was developed to investigate the coupling between an underwater gas jet and a jet-induced tail cavity. The effects of nozzle pressure ratio (NPR), Froude number (Fr), and nozzle area ratio (K = Ae/At, where Ae and At denote the nozzle exit and throat areas, respectively) were systematically examined in terms of cavity evolution, flow-regime transition, hydrodynamic loads, and hydrodynamic noise. Quantitative indicators were extracted to characterize interfacial instability and acoustic behavior in different coupling regimes. Particular attention was paid to the bulging-necking motion of the pulsating foam cavity (PFC) under the central-jet gas-leakage mode, as well as to the coupled evolution of cavity morphology, pressure, thrust, and noise. The results show that bulging-necking motion in the PFC regime induces pronounced tail-cavity oscillations and enhances monopole noise associated with cavity-volume variation. Increasing Fr or decreasing NPR promotes the transition from PFC to partially broken cavity (PBC) or intact cavity (IC), thereby reducing radiated noise below 100 Hz.
Keywords:
Underwater gas jet
Jet-cavitation coupling
Tail cavity
Hydrodynamic load
Hydroacoustic noise
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