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Unlocking Ambient Electrochemical Lithium–Mediated Nitrogen Reduction: Mechanisms, Classifications, Components and Perspectives
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DOI：10.1002/cjoc.70586.png)
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Abstract
En 中文
Electrochemical lithium–mediated nitrogen reduction (LiNR) offers a sustainable alternative to the Haber-Bosch process for ammonia synthesis but faces hurdles in reaction mechanisms and component optimization. This review critically analyzes recent advancements of LiNR, categorizing them into intermittent (ILiNR) and continuous (CLiNR) modes based on the operational strategies of proton sources. CLiNR is further classified by anode mechanisms: electrolyte oxidation, H2 oxidation (HOR), and Li oxidation (LiOR). Integrating the lithium–nitrogen cell (Li–N2) concept into LiNR highlights its distinct advantages, particularly in lithium sourcing, side reaction suppression, and lithium cycling. We comprehensively examine electrode materials, cell configurations, and electrolytes. The relationship between Li–N2 and LiNR is analyzed. Divergences in cell design, operating voltage, cathode reaction mechanisms, and lithium cycling strategies are discussed to offer guidance for integrating Li–N2 cells into LiNR. Future research should focus on elucidating the nitrogen fixation mechanism at low current densities, increasing current density to accelerate N2 reaction rates, investigating the evolution of nitrogen-fixing lithium-containing interfaces, and introducing controlled trace proton sources to enhance interface permeability, in order to enable sustainable ammonia synthesis coupled with lithium cycling.
Keywords:
Li–N2 cell
Lithium–mediated nitrogen reduction
Ammonia synthesis
Reaction mechanism
Lithium cycling
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