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Unlocking sustainable rare earth recovery through integrated continuous bioleaching and electrodialysis using secondary waste resources – A comprehensive review
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DOI：10.1016/j.jre.2026.07.023.png)
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Abstract
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The urgent shift to clean energy has intensified demand for rare earth elements (REEs), which are essential for magnets, batteries, and advanced technologies. Traditional mining methods, such as open-pit and underground extraction, often cause severe environmental damage and toxic waste. Alternative approaches like in-situ leaching still risk water contamination from chemicals. These issues underscore the need for eco-friendly recovery techniques. Bioleaching uses microbes to release REEs from ores, mining waste, and industrial by-products, offering low-energy, low-impact benefits. Membrane-based separation techniques enable targeted REEs recovery while minimizing pollutants. This review covers recent advances that integrate these methods, including novel bioreactor designs and enhanced selective ion-transport mechanisms. Such integration provides a promising route for cleaner mineral processing, reducing reliance on conventional mining and enabling recovery from secondary sources. Grounded in green mining principles, these technologies promote efficient, scalable, and cost-effective REEs recovery. They foster circular resource use and ecosystem protection to meet global sustainability goals.
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