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Urban mobility in Brazil: A gender perspective
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DOI：10.1016/j.retrec.2026.101779.png)
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Abstract
En 中文
Commuting patterns represent a relevant analytical tool for examining gender dimensions in the spatial and socioeconomic organization. Thus, this study aims to analyze the nature of commuting for work from a gender perspective with consideration of family characteristics. Specifically, it examines the differences between male and female commuters in terms of travel time, access to private transport and distance traveled, considering how such differences may be related to family structure and contextual aspects of the municipality of residence. This study focuses on intermunicipal commuting, an important aspect of spatial mobility in Brazil. To achieve the proposed objectives, multilevel regression models are adopted, and microdata from the 2010 Population Census and municipal data from the United Nations Development Program (UNDP) and the National Traffic Department (SENATRAN) are used. The results suggest that female commuters have longer commutes in terms of time than male commuters. Additionally, women travel, on average, shorter distances. The literature suggests that gender differences in commuting patterns are often attributed to family responsibilities, with women facing shorter commuting due to household responsibilities. However, the results for Brazil, with the use of multilevel regression models, do not support this hypothesis. These findings have important implications for public policy, suggesting that improvements in public transport and infrastructure can reduce the negative impacts of gender inequality, especially given the greater dependence of women on public transport for commuting.
Keywords:
Commuting
Labor market
Gender
Family structure
Multilevel models
Brazil
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