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Valorisation of Citrus paradisi peel wastes to pharmacologically active essential oil: GC–MS analysis and pharmacological screening
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DOI：10.1007/s13399-026-07236-1.png)
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Abstract
En 中文
Citrus is among the most widely grown fruits in the world. The peel of Citrus paradisi (grapefruit), often discarded as waste, is a rich source of bioactive compounds with potential therapeutic applications. This study aimed to extract essential oil from dried grapefruit peel using hydro-distillation and characterize its chemical composition via Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC–MS/MS). Major constituents identified included D-limonene (33.06%) and α-terpineol (17.44%). Given the known biological activities of these compounds, the C. paradisi peel essential oil (CPEO) was further evaluated for antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties. Antioxidant activity, assessed through in vitro assays, were DPPH radical scavenging (31.63 ± 2.05 µg/mL) and ABTS scavenging (130.72 ± 11.34 µg/mL) revealed moderate radical-scavenging ability, likely due to its phenolic and flavonoid content. Notably, the essential oil demonstrated strong anti-inflammatory potential which were assessed through NO (0.60 ± 0.034 µg/mL) scavenging and H2O2 (4.48 ± 0.05 µg/mL). A comparable anti-inflammatory effect was evident in RAW 264.7 macrophages, where prior exposure to CPEO suppressed cytokine production triggered by LPS stimulation. Molecular docking studies supported these findings, indicating that key constituents could inhibit enzymes involved in inflammatory pathways, such as alcohol dehydrogenase, glutathione S-transferase, prostaglandin G/H synthase 2, and nitric oxide synthase. Inhibition of these targets can reduce pro-inflammatory mediators, suggesting a mechanism for the observed activity. These results highlight the pharmacological value of grapefruit peel essential oil and underscore the potential of fruit processing by-products as sustainable sources of natural bioactive agents.
Keywords:
Citrus paradisi
Antioxidant activity
Anti-inflammatory activity
Biowaste Valorization
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