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Vat photopolymerization-based bioprinting: Shaping next-generation tissues with light
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DOI：10.1002/inmd.70078.png)
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Abstract
En 中文
Vat photopolymerization (VP)-based bioprinting is rapidly emerging as a transformative platform for fabricating complex, cell-laden tissue constructs with unparalleled spatial resolution and geometric precision. This review presents a comprehensive overview of recent advances in VP-based bioprinting, organized around core themes of photopolymerization chemistry, printing modalities, bio-ink design, and biomedical applications. We first describe the underlying crosslinking mechanisms including chain-growth, step-growth, redox-mediated, and initiator-free systems that enable spatiotemporal control over polymerization. The discussion then moves to key VP-based bioprinting techniques such as stereolithography apparatus (SLA), digital light processing, two-photon polymerization, and volumetric additive manufacturing, emphasizing their printing principles and suitability for bioprinting applications. A central focus is placed on the rational design of photo-crosslinkable bio-inks, comprising functional monomers, photo-initiators (PIs), and photo-absorbers (PAs). We critically examine design criteria such as cytocompatibility, rheological and optical behavior, mechanical performance, degradation profiles, and scalability, highlighting the complex trade-offs between print fidelity and biological function. The utility of VP-based bioprinting is further illustrated through its application in constructing advanced tissues, including bone, cardiac, cartilage, corneal, and hepatic models. Finally, we explore emerging frontiers such as multi-material and multi-modal bioprinting, machine learning-guided optimization, and regulatory pathways toward clinical translation. Collectively, these insights outline a roadmap for advancing VP-based bioprinting into a clinically viable, high-throughput tissue engineering technology.
Keywords:
3D bioprinting
bio-inks
biofabrication
machine learning
vat photopolymerization
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