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Vulnerability to climate change, depopulation and the global food regime: An index-based approach for rural Spain
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DOI：10.1016/j.envsci.2025.104254.png)
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Abstract
En 中文
• Triple-exposure index reveals the complex and multifaceted nature of rural vulnerability across Spain. • Climate change is widespread, but depopulation exerts a stronger impact on rural vulnerability. • Central plateau counties and municipalities are the most vulnerable to all three stressors. • Rural vulnerability varies by scale, showing contrasting spatial patterns between counties and municipalities. • Double and triple-exposure effects appear more often in remote rural regions.
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