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War-Driven Permanent Emigration, Sex Ratios, and Female Labor Force Participation

delete2026-03-01
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Ana Rute Cardoso *
L
Louis‐Philippe Morin
DOI：10.3368/jhr.0522-12339R2delete
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Abstract

Abstract

En 中文
We investigate the drivers of female labor force participation in the presence of unbalanced sex ratios due to a scarcity of males. To do so, we exploit exogenous variation in sex ratios across cohorts and regions, using instruments based on massive emigration in the 1960s that was fueled by the Portuguese Colonial War. As the sex ratio declined, female labor force participation increased, while the marriage rate was unaffected. Female representation among top occupations increased, and the gender pay gap declined, consistent with the predominance of a demand shock favoring female labor.
Keywords:
IMMIGRATION
REMITTANCES
EVOLUTION
MIGRATION
MARRIAGE
IMPACT
EMPLOYMENT
INFERENCE
EDUCATION
MARKETS

Journal

J
Journal of Human Resources
IF:
6
Papers:
2.8K
Citations:
6.6K

Organization

U
university of ottawa
Scholars:
3.7K
Papers: 1.7K
Citations: 0
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