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Waste-derived incense stick ash as a SCM: Linking multiscale gel-pore evolution, strength, and eco-efficiency via 1H LF-NMR and nanoindentation
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DOI：10.1016/j.dibe.2026.100999.png)
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Abstract
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• ISA enables cleaner, value-added use as a supplementary cementitious material. • LF-NMR tracks ISA-driven gel-pore refinement and C-S-H densification. • Gel-pore descriptors support strength prediction with errors below 10.60%. • 5% ISA provides the best balance of strength, cost, and carbon efficiency.
Keywords:
Incense stick ash
Low-field nuclear magnetic resonance
Nanoindentation
Gel pores
C-S-H evolution
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