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Waste-wood-derived sustainable N and S co-doped hard carbon for enhanced sodium-ion storage
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DOI：10.1039/D6GC02379G.png)
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Abstract
En 中文
Constructing sustainable; cost-effective and high-performance biomass-derived hard carbon has emerged as a legitimate approach to address the critical bottlenecks of anodes in sodium-ion batteries. Herein; the N and S co-doped hard carbon (NS-HC) derived from waste wood was synthesized by removing lignin and hemicellulose; combined with heteroatom doping and calcination. The results demonstrated that NS-HC exhibited superior sodium-storage capability; and after 100 cycles at 0.05 A g−1; NS-HC exhibited a reversible capacity of 370.4 mA h g−1. Increasing the current density from 0.05 to 2 A g−1; the electrode still yielded a capacity of 65%. Moreover; after 2500 cycles at 2 A g−1; the NS-HC electrode demonstrated a high capacity of 207.9 mA h g−1. The enhanced electrochemical performance was due to the elimination of lignin and hemicellulose; facilitating the development of graphite-like domains and creating a rich micropore structure. Meanwhile; N and S co-doping contributed to enhanced electrical conductivity and the formation of defects; which enabled a considerable increase in both active sites and effective channels; thereby facilitating the diffusion and storage of sodium ions. Theoretical calculations revealed that N/S co-doping modulated the local charge distribution of carbon; optimizing the electronic structure to promote more stable Na+ adsorption and active-site formation. Furthermore; full-cell tests assembled with the NS-HC anode and a Na3V2(PO4)3 (NVP) cathode demonstrated its promising potential for practical applications. This work achieves the value-added reuse of waste wood and provides a promising pathway for the development of sustainable; low-price; and high-performance wood-derived hard carbon anodes.
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