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Water (R-718) as a refrigerant for high-temperature heat pumps: opportunities, challenges, and future directions
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DOI：10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.132756.png)
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Abstract
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• R-718-based HTHPs deliver COPs of 1.3–6.0 for 130–250 °C outputs temperatures. • Water injection boosts compressor isentropic efficiency up to 80%. • Cascade systems with R-718 and low-GWP refrigerants enable 180 K temperature lifts. • Multi-stage configurations improve COP and capacity for large-scale applications. • R-718 outperforms HFCs, HFOs, and hydrocarbons at high condensation temperatures. • Payback period estimated at 2–3 years for typical industrial settings.
Keywords:
High temperature heat pumps
Water refrigerant (R-718)
Industrial heating
Low-GWP refrigerants
Modeling
Experimental
Sustainability
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