When the lung is at risk: diagnosis, manifestations, and complications of pulmonary sarcoidosis

2026-05-27

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Zehra Dhanani

Adriane DM Vorselaars

Rohit Gupta

Paolo Spagnolo

DOI：10.1016/j.coi.2026.102792

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Abstract

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• Pulmonary sarcoidosis is a clinically heterogeneous disease of unknown cause. • About one-third of the patients develop pulmonary fibrosis, and organ failure. • Methotrexate is not inferior to prednisone as initial therapy for pulmonary sarcoidosis. • Anti-TNF agents should be considered in cases of refractory disease. • Patients with life/organ-threatening disease should be referred to expert centers.

Keywords:

pulmonary sarcoidosis

pulmonary fibrosis

methotrexate

prednisone

anti-TNF agents

When the lung is at risk: diagnosis, manifestations, and complications of pulmonary sarcoidosis

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