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Year-round urban PM2.5 exposure and health burden across million-plus Indian cities with source attribution and meteorological insights
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DOI：10.1016/j.uclim.2026.103034.png)
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Abstract
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• PM₂.₅: 7–118 μg/m3; >75% of cities exceed 40 μg/m3 national limit. • PM₂.₅ caused ∼1.3 M deaths and ∼ 2.7 M hospitalizations in 65 cities (2023). • Pollution episodes (>300 μg/m3) lasted up to 11 days in northern Indian cities. • Residential, transport, and biomass sources contributed >70% of annual PM₂.₅. • WRF-Chem and ML models achieved R2 > 0.85 and RMSE <8.0 μg/m3 in key cities.
Keywords:
Particulate matter
Urbanization
Meteorology
Emissions
Health
Modeling
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