Gut microbiota, immune development and function

doi:10.1016/j.phrs.2012.09.002

Gut microbiota, immune development and function

2013-03-01

186

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AI

S

Stig Bengmark *

DOI：10.1016/j.phrs.2012.09.002

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The microbiota of Westerners is significantly reduced in comparison to rural individuals living a similar lifestyle to our Paleolithic forefathers but also to that of other free-living primates such as the chimpanzee. The great majority of ingredients in the industrially produced foods consumed in the West are absorbed in the upper part of small intestine and thus of limited benefit to the microbiota. Lack of proper nutrition for microbiota is a major factor under-pinning dysfunctional microbiota, dysbiosis, chronically elevated inflammation, and the production and leakage of endotoxins through the various tissue barriers. Furthermore, the over-comsumption of insulinogenic foods and proteotoxins, such as advanced glycation and lipoxidation molecules, gluten and zein, and a reduced intake of fruit and vegetables, are key factors behind the commonly observed elevated inflammation and the endemic of obesity and chronic diseases, factors which are also likely to be detrimental to microbiota. As a consequence of this lifestyle and the associated eating habits, most barriers, including the gut, the airways, the skin, the oral cavity, the vagina, the placenta, the blood-brain barrier, etc., are increasingly permeable. Attempts to recondition these barriers through the use of so called 'probiotics', normally applied to the gut, are rarely successful, and sometimes fail, as they are usually applied as adjunctive treatments, e.g. in parallel with heavy pharmaceutical treatment, not rarely consisting in antibiotics and chemotherapy. It is increasingly observed that the majority of pharmaceutical drugs, even those believed to have minimal adverse effects, such as proton pump inhibitors and anti-hypertensives, in fact adversely affect immune development and functions and are most likely also deleterious to microbiota. Equally, it appears that probiotic treatment is not compatible with pharmacological treatments. Eco-biological treatments, with plant-derived substances, or phytochemicals, e.g. curcumin and resveratrol, and pre-, pro- and synbiotics offers similar effects as use of biologicals, although milder but also free from adverse effects. Such treatments should be tried as alternative therapies; mainly, to begin with, for disease prevention but also in early cases of chronic diseases. Pharmaceutical treatment has, thus far, failed to inhibit the tsunami of endemic diseases spreading around the world, and no new tools are in sight. Dramatic alterations, in direction of a paleolithic-like lifestyle and food habits, seem to be the only alternatives with the potential to control the present escalating crisis. The present review focuses on human studies, especially those of clinical relevance. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Keyword:

Microbiota

Microbiome

Microbial translocation

Probiotic bacteria

Lactobacillus

Lactobacillus plantarum

Lactobacillus paracasei

Microbial translocation

Inflammation

Infection

Toll-like

Neutrophils

Pharmaceuticals

Biological

Eco-biologicals

Nutraceticals

Curcumin

Resveratrol

Antibiotics

Chemotherapeutics

Barriers

Leakage

Gut

Airways

Oral cavity

Skin

Vagina

Placenta

Amnion

Blood-brain barrier

Growth

Replication

Apoptosis

Mucosa

Endothelium

Plaques

Cytokines

IL1

NF-kB

TNF

Growth factors

Insulinogenic

IGF-1

Prebiotics

Plant fibers

Greens

Fruits

Vegetables

Minerals

Fat diet

Refined carbohydrate diet

Advanced glycation end products (AGEs)

Advanced lipoxidation end products (ALEs)

Endotoxin

LPS

Proteotoxins

Casein

Gluten

Zein

Western lifestyle

Paleolithic

Schimpanzee

ADHD

AIDS

Allergy

ALS

Alzheimer

Arteriosclerosis

Atheroma

Autoimmune

Autism

Bipolar

Cancer

Celiac disease

COPD

Coronary Heart Disease

Chronic Fatigue Syndrome

Chronic Renal Disease

Cognitive

Diabetes

HIV-1

Encephalopathy

Irritable Bowel Disease

Inflammatory Bowel Disease

Liver cirrhosis

Liver steatosis

Obesity

Osteoarthritis

Osteoporosis

Pancreatitis

Paradontosis

Parkinson

Polycystic Ovary Disease

Rheumatoid Disease

Schizophrenia

Stress

Stroke

Uveitis

Gut microbiota, immune development and function

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