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Changes in estimands and prevalence of discrepancies in conclusions under the two-trial paradigm: a systematic review
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DOI：10.1016/j.jclinepi.2026.112341.png)
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Abstract
En 中文
Key Findings • Duplicated trials only represent about 5% of phase 3 trials between 2010 and 2024. • Substantial outcome modifications that may seriously compromise the robustness of the results were observed in less than 5% of situations.
Keywords:
estimands
phase 3 trials
outcome modifications
duplicated trials
two-trial paradigm
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